In Russian during the 17th and 18th centuries, горящѣе вино or горячее вино ( goryashchee vino, "burning wine" or "hot wine") was widely used. People in the area of vodka's probable origin have names for vodka with roots meaning "to burn": Polish: gorzała Ukrainian: горілка, romanized: horílka Belarusian: гарэлка, romanized: harelka Lithuanian: degtinė Samogitian: degtėnė is also in use, colloquially and in proverbs Latvian: degvīns Finnish: paloviina. Whiskey has a similar etymology, from the Irish and Scottish Gaelic uisce beatha/uisge-beatha. Īnother possible connection of vodka with "water" is the name of the medieval alcoholic beverage aqua vitae ( Latin, literally, "water of life"), which is reflected in Polish okowita, Ukrainian оковита, Belarusian акавіта, and Scandinavian akvavit. In French, Théophile Gautier in 1800 glossed it as a "grain liquor" served with meals in Poland ( eau-de-vie de grain). William Tooke in 1799 glossed vodka as "rectified corn-spirits", using the traditional English sense of the word "corn" to refer to any grain, not just maize. In a book of travels published in English in 1780 (presumably, a translation from German), Johann Gottlieb Georgi correctly explained that " kabak in the Russian language signifies a public house for the common people to drink vodka (a sort of brandy) in". In English literature, the word vodka appeared in around the late 18th century. The name vodka is a diminutive form of the Slavic word voda (water), interpreted as "waterkin": root vod- + -k- (diminutive suffix, among other functions) + -a ( ending of feminine gender). It is also used in cocktails and mixed drinks, such as the vodka martini, Cosmopolitan, vodka tonic, screwdriver, greyhound, Black or White Russian, Moscow mule, Bloody Mary, and Caesar. Vodka is traditionally drunk " neat" (not mixed with water, ice, or other mixers), and it is often served freezer chilled in the vodka belt of Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine. Vodka in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%. The European Union has established a minimum alcohol content of 37.5% for vodka. Since the 1890s, standard vodkas have been 40% alcohol by volume (ABV) (80 U.S. Some modern brands use corn, sugar cane, fruits, honey, and maple sap as the base. Traditionally, it is made by distilling liquid from fermented cereal grains, and potatoes since introduced in Europe in the 1700s. Vodka is composed mainly of water and ethanol but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavourings. Different varieties originated in Poland, Russia, and Sweden. Vodka ( Polish: wódka Russian: водка Swedish: vodka ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage.
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